Forte San Giovanni
Forte San Giovanni stands as the central octagonal stronghold that anchors Finalborgo’s defenses, perched at about 50 meters above sea level. Built between 1642 and 1643 on the ruins of a mid‑fifteenth‑century tower, its design was guided by the Milanese royal engineer Francesco Prestino, turning a battered hill into a formidable fortress against Spanish incursions. The intact core of the fort incorporates that earlier tower, which is known from a 1571 drawing and noted by Gianmario Filelfo, forming the heart of the current complex. During the late 17th century, the Spaniards expanded and reinforced the fort, connecting it more directly to the surrounding borgo and strengthening the defenses through 1674–1678 under engineer Gaspare Beretta. …
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