Notre Dame
Notre-Dame de Paris is a medieval cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris, dedicated to the Virgin Mary—“Our Lady of Paris.” Construction began in 1163 under Bishop Maurice de Sully and was largely completed by 1260, with later modifications shaping its long life. You can read its early Gothic ambition in elements that broke with the earlier Romanesque style: the cathedral’s rib vaults and flying buttresses, alongside enormous, colorful rose windows and an abundance of carved sculpture. The church has also marked national turning points. In the 1790s, during the French Revolution, Notre-Dame suffered extensive desecration, with much religious imagery damaged or destroyed. In the 19th century, it hosted Napoleon’s coronation and the funerals of many French presidential figures, while Victor Hugo’s 1831 novel *Notre-Dame de Paris* helped spark restoration between 1844 and 1864, supervised by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. …
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